Research Progress on Bioactivity and Product Development of Codonopsis pilosula Polysaccharide
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摘要: 党参是目前我国普遍使用的药食两用药材之一。现代药理学研究发现,党参多糖是党参的重要活性成分之一,在预防保健和治疗疾病方面具有多种生物活性,已经开发有相关的人类保健食品和动物饲料添加剂产品。本文检索了近五年来的相关文献,对党参多糖的免疫活性、抗氧化与抗衰老、抗炎与抗溃疡、降糖、改善肠道菌群、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、神经保护、缓解体力疲劳的生物活性,在人类保健食品及动物饲料添加剂领域的相关产品开发进行综述,以期为党参多糖进一步的研究及相关产品的开发提供参考依据。Abstract: Codonopsis pilosula is one of the widely used medicinal materials for both food and medicine in China. Modern pharmacological studies have found that Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide is one of the important active components of Codonopsis pilosula. There are a variety of biological activities in disease prevention, health care and treatment. It has been certainly applicated in the human health food and animal feed additives. In order to provide reference for further research and development of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides from the past five years, this paper reviews the biological activity of immune activity, antioxidant and anti-aging, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer, hypoglycemic, improving intestinal flora, anti-viral, anti-tumor, neuroprotective, physical fatigue relief of Codonopsis pilosula, development and application of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide in the field of human health food and annimal feed additives.
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Keywords:
- Codonopsis pilosula /
- polysaccharide /
- bioactivity /
- products
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党参是桔梗科植物党参、素花党参、川党参的干燥根,是一种传统的补益药[1]。其性平味甘,归肺、脾经,具有健脾益肺、养血生津、补中益气之功效,常用于脾肺虚弱,气短心悸,食少便溏,虚喘咳嗽,内热消渴,是目前我国普遍使用的药食两用药材之一[2-3],市场前景广阔,但对其理化性质如生物活性的研究尚少,应用仍以切片等中药饮片初加工为主,党参多糖(Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide,Cpp)是党参的重要活性成分之一,具有多种生物活性,在研发新型保健食品及饲料添加剂等方面已经有了一定的应用,目前,为了党参多糖的更全面的生物活性研究和产品开发,本文对近五年国内外关于党参多糖的生物活性及产品开发相关研究成果进行综述,以期为党参多糖的深入研究及相关深加工产品的开发提供参考依据。
1. 党参多糖的生物活性
1.1 免疫活性
党参作为传统补益药,具有扶助正气的作用。现代研究发现党参中提取的党参多糖具有体内外免疫调节作用[4],能够提高免疫器官、免疫细胞、免疫分子功能从而发挥其免疫活性,且通过化学修饰、联合应用等能够增强其作用,具有开发成新型保健品等产品的潜力[5],促进传统中药与现代生活接轨。
免疫器官作为免疫系统的主要组成部分,相关免疫器官指数可以反映出免疫作用的强弱。研究表明,党参多糖能够显著提高环磷酰胺所致的免疫低下小鼠及出血症仔兔的胸腺、脾脏、肝脏及肠淋巴结指数[6-7],还能改善被免疫抑制的乌鸡脾脏指数和法氏囊指数[8],但作用机制不明需作进一步研究。
巨噬细胞是机体重要的免疫效应细胞[9],可吞噬消灭病原微生物,参与机体非特异性免疫和特异性免疫,在被激活后可释放多种细胞因子,细胞因子按功能可分为白细胞介素(IL)、干扰素(IFN)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)等。党参多糖能通过促进小鼠Ana-1巨噬细胞和RAW264.7巨噬细胞的增殖、激活NF-кB信号通路等途径提高细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量(P<0.05),且具有明显的量效关系[10-11]。另外在仔猪饲料中加入党参多糖后,发现高剂量的党参多糖提高血清细胞因子含量效果更突出[12]。
免疫球蛋白(Ig)是一类重要的免疫效应分子,Ig本身可以结合抗原对机体起到防御、保护的作用。有学者研究发现党参多糖能提高仔猪及被免疫抑制大鼠的十二直肠、空肠、回肠分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIg A)、免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)、免疫球蛋白G(Ig G)和免疫球蛋白M(Ig M)蛋白表达水平,且高剂量组提高肠道免疫力效果更佳[12-13]。此外,党参寡糖(CPO)也能起到类似作用,说明党参具有多种免疫调节成分,可应用在功能性食品领域[14]。
补体分子是先天免疫系统的组成部分,可介导机体的免疫应答[15],党参多糖具有一定的补体活性,能够抑制C3的分泌,是一种潜在的补体抑制剂[16]。研究发现,党参多糖能够大幅度提高免疫抑制大鼠补体C3、C4含量,调节T3、T4的合成与分解,改善大鼠的免疫功能[17]。因此,党参多糖对补体分子可能具有双向调节作用。
除单纯应用党参多糖之外,也有学者通过化学修饰、联合应用及开发剂型等方式来提高党参多糖免疫活性。多位学者发现硒化[18-19]及硫化修饰[20]后的党参多糖以及联合应用黄芪多糖[21]、大蒜多糖[22]相较于单一的党参多糖具有更高的免疫活性。此外,还有党参多糖纳米乳制剂[23]都为今后多样化开发党参多糖免疫活性提供可行的参考。
1.2 抗氧化与抗衰老
近几年研究发现不同产地、不同品种的党参多糖均具有抗氧化作用[24-25]。有学者采用响应面法优化党参多糖的提取工艺,通过测定党参多糖自由基清除能力、羟基自由基清除能力和还原力,表明党参多糖有着较强的体外抗氧化活性[26]。张涛等[27]采用二乙氨基乙基-纤维素柱对党参多糖进行分离纯化后,通过体外试验发现党参多糖对DPPH自由基、超氧负离子均具有清除能力,能显著升高衰老小鼠模型超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性(P<0.05)。另外,硒化修饰可提高党参多糖的抗氧化活性,Qin等[28]发现,在过氧化氢诱导的巨噬细胞氧化损伤模型中,经过硒化修饰的党参多糖的组别SOD含量显著提高(P<0.05),MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),巨噬细胞活性显著降低(P<0.05)。由上可知,各类党参多糖均能清除自由基、增强SOD活性从而达到抗氧化及抗衰老目的,十分契合当下对有效抗衰老产品发掘的时代背景,但目前尚缺乏临床支持。
1.3 抗炎与抗溃疡
药理学研究表明,党参多糖是党参抗炎、抗溃疡活性的主要成分[29]。Meng等[30]认为党参多糖对脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞和葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的结肠炎小鼠模型均有抗炎作用,并且进一步发现多糖可降低细胞内TLR4、NF-κB等炎症因子的表达(P<0.05)。Li等[31]在急性胃溃疡大鼠模型中发现党参多糖能显著提高模型大鼠胃组织中SOD、GSH-Px活性(P<0.05),显著降低MDA、NO含量和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖性。党参多糖与黄芪多糖联合使用能增强其抗炎与抗溃疡作用,Chu等[32]将小鼠暴露于香烟烟雾中构建慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)模型,发现党参多糖与黄芪多糖联合使用可促进有缺陷的肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬,改善COPD吸入或不吸入PM2.5时的炎症反应。由上推测,党参多糖抗炎抗溃疡的功能与干预相关酶活性及抑制有关炎症因子的生成与释放有关。
1.4 降糖活性
我国大约有11%的人口患有糖尿病,且2型糖尿病人群居多[33],因此寻找安全可靠的降糖药物延缓糖尿病进程具有极大的现实意义。Liu等[34]以党参残渣为原料,采用乙醇沉淀法和柱层析法纯化出中性多糖CERP1,以2型糖尿病小鼠为动物模型进行体内试验,发现CERP1能增强糖酵解酶活性,降低肝转氨酶活性,从而达到降血糖的目的。李思维等[35]以干燥党参粉为原料,提取了党参多糖纯化组分CPP-1,通过测定胰岛素抵抗细胞模型的葡萄糖消耗量,发现CPP-1能提高细胞对葡萄糖的利用率,降低Hep G2细胞的胰岛素抵抗作用,显著抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶及淀粉酶活性,发挥降糖活性。以上体内动物实验和体外细胞实验表明,党参多糖可改善胰岛素抵抗作用,提高机体分解、消耗葡萄糖的能力,且药食同源安全性高,对以胰岛素抵抗为主伴进行性分泌不足的2型糖尿病人群具有潜在的实用价值。
1.5 改善肠道菌群
近年来研究发现,党参多糖可参与调节肠道微生物数量和代谢,从而改善胃肠功能。给予肠道菌群紊乱的雏鸡模型以高、中、低剂量党参多糖,其中尤以中剂量组(100 mg/kg)降低大肠杆菌、乳酸杆菌、沙门氏菌等致病菌数量显著[8],因此寻找更精准的有效剂量能提高党参多糖在此方面的应用率。同时,党参多糖溶液能强烈刺激双歧杆菌的生长,且具有时间依赖性[36-37]。Tang等[38]报导其采用2.5%葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)构建急性结肠炎小鼠模型,给予党参多糖后,激活试验组小鼠芳香烃受体,显著上调异戊酸和丁酸含量(P<0.05),小鼠肠道菌群结构趋于正常。通过促进有益菌生长和减少致病菌数量,党参多糖可使肠道微生物菌群趋于稳态,据此可进一步开发成改善胃肠功能的产品。
1.6 抗病毒
国内外研究发现,化学修饰后党参多糖能增强其抗病毒功能。王欢等[39]将党参多糖用氨基磺酸法进行硫酸化修饰,发现硫酸化修饰的党参多糖对Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-Ⅰ)的预防方面与阳性药物阿昔洛韦(ACV)组相似,但在治疗效果方面优于ACV组;而党参多糖组只起到预防的效应,相比之下,硫酸化修饰后的党参多糖在对HSV-Ⅰ的预防和治疗过程中效果更显著。此外,Liu等[40]试验发现硫酸化党参多糖与黄精多糖联合使用具有杀灭28日龄鸡的新城疫病毒(NDV)攻病毒、抑制病毒抗原表达的作用,总体治愈率高。Ming等[41]报导了磷酸化党参多糖阻断自噬小体的形成,抑制鸭甲型肝炎病毒1型(DHAV)基因组复制,从而提高了感染雏鸭的成活率,减轻了肝损伤。
1.7 抗肿瘤
当前肿瘤的发病率与致死率一直居高不下,是最令人恐惧的疾病之一[42]。现如今中医药成为治疗癌症的重要组成部分[43],所以寻找有效的抗肿瘤中药一直是大众关注的焦点。研究表明,党参多糖可抑制癌细胞增殖和迁移[44],其影响肝癌HepG2细胞有丝分裂,降低其增殖、侵袭及迁移能力,并诱导凋亡的发生,从而达到抑制肿瘤的增殖与转移的目的[45],其作用机制与调节PI3K/AKT信号通路有一定关系[46],通过调节PI3K/AKT信号通路,党参多糖对胃癌、宫颈癌等癌症也能发挥相应的作用[47-48]。
1.8 神经保护
阿尔兹海默症(AD)是一种进行性神经退行性疾病,以神经元死亡为特征,与关键神经出现病理改变有关[49]。临床认为对其预防大于治疗,寻找有效保护神经药物能降低其发病率[50]。Wan等[51]采用双转基因小鼠阿尔茨海默症模型,发现党参多糖治疗后可减轻小鼠突触可塑性的丧失,增加突触蛋白,起到一定的神经保护作用。此外,党参多糖还可通过降低阿尔茨海默症小鼠模型的Tau蛋白磷酸化水平减轻认知障碍[52]。党参多糖发挥神经保护作用多与调控蛋白有关,然其能否预防或延缓AD还需有关循证医学的支持。
1.9 缓解体力疲劳
随着生活节奏加快,抗疲劳等产品引发了人们广泛关注,党参多糖可以有效增强缓解体力疲劳和耐缺氧能力。Xie等[53]采用小鼠负重游泳实验的方法,发现党参多糖可增加能量来源、减少有害代谢物积累,有效提高机体抗疲劳和耐缺氧能力,从而延长小鼠的游泳时间。程艺等[54]研究发现不同党参粗多糖和水煎液均对游泳力竭小鼠疲劳有缓解作用,其中以素花党参多糖抗疲劳效果最佳。
2. 党参多糖相关的产品开发
2.1 保健食品
近年来,提高公众了解预防疾病和保健的相关知识成为医疗改革的重要内容之一[55]。预防疾病与保健不仅与经济增长有着密切的历史关系,而且与祖国医学未病先防观念相契合[56-57]。中药属于天然动植物产品,具有开发保健品的巨大优势,挖掘中药中的药食两用品种的有效成分刻不容缓,目前,报道较多的中药中提取的相关成分如大枣多糖[58]、山药多糖[59]、银耳多糖[60]等在功能性食品、营养食品等保健食品中均有一定的应用,具有良好的发展前景。党参多糖具有免疫、缓解体力疲劳等多种生物活性,近年来受到人们广泛关注,可以预见,未来将成为人类食品保健研究领域的热点。
在饮品方面,杜景涛等[61]首先通过单因素、响应面法试验确定出党参枸杞复合饮料的最佳配方,并进行体外抗氧化评价,发现党参多糖具有清除羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基及DPPH自由基的作用,抗氧化活性较强,并且感官得分高,有望制作新型功能性饮料应用在体育竞技运动方面。此外,有学者以党参多糖为原料研制出保健醋[62],不仅符合国家醋饮料的相关规定,且口感酸甜柔和,风味独特,未来通过进一步的研究,可以应用到生产保健饮料。王艳萍等[63]制备的党参多糖口服液有一定的保健功能,且具有口感好、易于吸收、方便携带、临床用药安全性较高的优点。因此党参多糖作为生产原料应用于多种保健饮品开发中是未来多糖研究领域的发展趋势。
在保健食品方面,赵曼孜等[64]采用响应面分析法优化制备工艺,制备的党参多糖与黄芪多糖泡腾颗粒剂,具有生物利用度高、口感好、便于运输、患者接受度高等特点,在保健市场中前景广阔。李早慧等[65]采用水提醇沉法提取党参多糖并制备党参多糖片剂,对片剂的辅料、最佳配方等制备条件进行了优化选择,确定了党参多糖片剂的各项参数,片剂的硬度、重量差异、脆碎度和崩解度都符合规定,提高了党参多糖的利用价值,有利于党参多糖保健品的推广。
以上研究表明以党参多糖为基础开发的相关保健品,口感良好、吸收快、运输方便、接受度高、安全范围大,在保健食品开发领域具有很高的应用前景。未来期望在党参多糖的利用价值方面开展更多的应用研究,充分挖掘党参潜在的功能并开发相应产品,以迎合市场需求。
2.2 动物饲料添加剂
在我国全面禁用促生长性抗生素的背景下,寻找天然绿色的动物饲料添加剂的研究成为人们普遍关注的话题,党参多糖有望作为绿色饲料添加剂应用在动物生产中。研究发现,党参多糖可溶性粉可显著增加肉仔鸡胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊指数;显著提高接种新城疫(ND)疫苗后肉仔鸡血清中ND抗体水平、免疫球蛋白G(Ig G)含量和肠道分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIg A)含量(P<0.05),并且饮水中添加党参多糖可溶性粉对肉仔鸡有明显增重作用(P<0.05)[66]。此外,党参多糖能改善模型小鼠肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌等肠道益生菌的生长情况 [37]。Zou等[67]发现党参菊粉型果聚糖具有益生元活性,可作为肠道菌群调节剂添加在饲料中。党参多糖还可作为免疫增强剂使用[68],时菲菲等[23]制备的党参多糖纳米乳在动物体内具有显著的免疫增强效果。此外Feng等[69]合成的党参多糖铁配合物,有望开发成一种新型补铁剂应用在动物生产领域。综上,党参多糖作为动物饲料添加剂不仅能改善肠道菌群紊乱、提高免疫力,还能调节机体缺铁状态,从而大大提高饲料转换率,降低养殖成本和风险。
3. 结语
党参资源丰富,党参多糖作为党参的主要提取物质,生物活性丰富,可在免疫、抗氧化与抗衰老、抗炎与抗溃疡、降糖、改善肠道菌群、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、神经保护、缓解体力疲劳等方面发挥其特有的优势,且具有药食两用、安全性高的特点。学者基于上述多种生物活性,开发出功能饮料、保健醋、泡腾颗粒剂、口服液等保健食品,并且作为肠道菌群调节剂、免疫增强剂、补铁剂等添加饲料中。目前关于党参多糖在体内、外实验的作用机制研究尚少,构效关系也有待进一步研究,保健食品和动物饲料添加剂中的应用报道也较少,有关的产品开发也需进一步探索以形成完整产业链。随着生物科学技术的进步,党参多糖有着更大的潜力作为一种优质原料应用在其他领域。因此,还需要深入研究党参多糖的生物活性及作用机制以便更好地开发相关产品,满足社会的需求。
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