Research Progress on Aroma Compounds and Biological Activity and Their Metabolic Pathways in Litsea pungens Hemsl
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摘要: 木姜子作为一种药食两用的香辛料,具有较强的抗菌、抗炎、抗癌等功效,其强烈的柠檬香气,可以去腥增香提味。萜类化合物是木姜子的主要香气成分,以柠檬醛为代表的萜类化合物具有显著的生物活性。木姜子中的关键香气成分包括D-柠檬烯、(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、β-月桂烯、(E)-肉桂酸乙酯和β-石竹烯等。本文主要综述了木姜子在中国的种群分布、香气成分与生物活性的研究进展,以及主要萜类化合物在植物体内的代谢途径,以期对木姜子的资源开发和高附加值利用提供科学依据。Abstract: Litsea pungens Hemsl (LPH) is one of spicy for both medicine and food for its strong ability of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects and strong lemon aroma characteristic that can remove the fishy odor and increase the overall flavor quality of dishes. The terpenoids are the main aroma compounds in LPH. Citral, the representative terpenoids, has significant biological activities. D-Limonene, (Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, β-myrcene, ethyl (2E)-3-phenylacrylate, and β-caryophyllene are the key odorants of LPH. This paper mainly introduces the population distributions of LPH in China, recent progressive in aroma compounds, the biological activity, and the metabolic pathway of main terpenoids in LPH so as to provide scientific evidence for the resource development and comprehensive utilization of LPH.
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Keywords:
- Litsea pungens Hemsl /
- aroma compounds /
- terpenoids /
- biological activity /
- metabolic pathways
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木姜子(Litsea pungens Hemsl)是一种珍贵的产油植物,主要分布在中国、印度、日本和泰国北部。木姜子的食用和药用历史悠久,作为调味品木姜子对食品风味的改善具有显著作用,无论是花、叶、果实还是根部都散发着浓厚的柠檬与花椒混合的特殊香气[1]。木姜子不仅具有去腥增味提香的作用还具有其独特香气,新鲜的木姜子或酱制木姜子烹饪的菜肴更为鲜爽,如木姜子牛肉丝、木姜子鱼火锅、木姜子土豆片等[2]。由于木姜子果实易褐变而难以长时间保存,采摘后干制储存是其主要的加工方式[3]。木姜子具有一定的药理作用,其根、茎和果具有驱寒、理气、止痛等功效,该植物的叶、茎、根和皮也被用于治疗胃痛、感冒、疼痛、关节炎、腹泻、外伤等[4]。木姜子的花、叶、枝和果实都含有精油,因果实部分含油量高而被作为木姜子精油提取的主要原料。木姜子精油为淡黄色或橙黄色,是具有强烈柠檬香的油状液体,其主要成分为单萜和倍半萜。木姜子果实部位的精油具有体外和体内的药理作用,包括抗菌、抗炎、平喘药、免疫调节、抗糖尿病以及调节中枢神经系统功能等[4]。
目前,消费者对木姜子的认知并不广泛,导致其在食品、医药等领域的应用较少。然而木姜子的特殊风味以及多种健康功效,说明了其重要的经济价值和广阔的应用前景。因此,本文综述了木姜子在中国的分布、挥发性化合物的分离提取方法、关键香气成分以及生物活性成分在植物体内的代谢途径等方面的研究进展,旨在为木姜子挥发性化合物的综合利用和未来深入研究提供科学依据,促进其在食品、医药、化妆品、化工等多个领域的应用与发展。
1. 木姜子种群分布
木姜子为樟科,樟属落叶小乔木,别名山姜子、木香子、木樟子、山苍子以及山胡椒等。最早起源于中白垩纪时期的古北大陆南部、古南大陆北部以及古地中海周围的热带地区。目前主要分布在澳大利亚、新西兰、北美、南美和亚洲等地。木姜子在世界范围内分布广、种类繁多,属约有622种[5],是我国樟科中种类较多、分布较广的植物之一,在我国约有72种,另外还有18个变种和3个变型[6]。木姜子主要分布在我国南方和西南地区,因此我国北方地区的居民并未对其有广泛的认识。木姜子大多分布在华南和西南北纬18°~34°之间的安徽、浙江、福建、云南、四川和西藏等省,其中,云南种类最多(37种),主要产高山木姜子、近轮叶木姜子、毛叶木姜子等;其次是广西(29种),主要产尖脉木姜子、清香木姜子、长梗木姜子等:广东(24种)主要产圆果木姜子、圆叶豹皮樟、黄丹木姜子等;四川(18种)主要产钝叶木姜子、单花木姜子等;贵州(15种)主产黑木姜子等;湖南(12种)主产黄丹木姜子等,主要分布情况如图1所示。毛叶木姜子的根和果实均可入药,还可用于制造优质肥皂;圆叶豹皮樟的果实可提炼精油、治疗感冒、消化不良等;红叶木姜子的果实性温味辛、有散寒止痛之效;秦岭木姜子可作为化妆品原料、供提取月桂酸;轮叶木姜子的根、叶可用于治疗胸痛、妇女经痛,叶外敷可用于治疗骨折、蛇伤等;杨叶木姜子可用于制备香精、化妆品、润滑油等[7-9]。
2. 木姜子挥发性化合物分析
2.1 木姜子香气成分提取方法
目前对于木姜子的香气成分分析主要分为两类(如表1所示):a.通过不同方法对木姜子精油进行提取分离,随后采用直接进样或顶空萃取方法结合气相色谱-串联质谱仪(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对其香气组分进行定性、定量分析。精油萃取常用的方法有水蒸气蒸馏、减压蒸馏、植物油或溶剂浸提、超临界CO2萃取、超声波辅助溶剂萃取、微波辅助溶剂萃取以及酶法提取法等,其中,水蒸气蒸馏最为广泛,超临界CO2萃取和分子蒸馏效果最佳,但成本较高;b.对木姜子果实或者其他部分进行同时蒸馏萃取、溶剂萃取或顶空萃取,再结合GC-MS对其香气组分进行定性定量分析。木姜子果实香气分析常用方法有同时蒸馏萃取、固相微萃取、溶剂提取以及溶剂辅助风味蒸发萃取。
表 1 木姜子香气成分提取方法Table 1. Extraction method of the aroma compounds in Litsea pungens Hemsl研究对象 分离提取方法 方法特点 参考文献 木姜子精油香气分析 水蒸气蒸馏萃取 装置和操作简单、成本低产量大、应用范围广 [12] 植物油或溶剂浸提 萃取效率低、溶剂用量大,易造成环境污染 [13] 分子蒸馏 设备成本高、提取效率高、有利于热敏性香气分子提取 [14] 微波辅助溶剂萃取 萃取时间短效率高、加热均匀可有效保护功能成分 [15] 酶法提取 采用酶对果皮破壁,提高精油的提取效率 [16] 超临界CO2萃取 无溶剂残留、提取率高和绿色环保、香气天然逼真 [17] 减压蒸馏萃取 促进难挥发组分的萃取、香气纯正、柠檬醛纯度高 [18] 超声波辅助溶剂萃取 萃取时间短效率高、渗透能力强 [19] 木姜子果实香气分析 同时蒸馏萃取 溶剂使用量低、适用于高沸点样品 [18] 固相微萃取 无溶剂、操作简单方便 [20] 溶剂提取 溶剂使用量高、提取效率低 [21] 溶剂辅助风味蒸发萃取 香气逼真、耗费时间较多、溶剂使用量大 [22] 水蒸气蒸馏法(Steam distillation,SD)是在蒸馏装置中利用加热蒸汽将木姜子精油蒸发出来,随后水蒸气经导管冷凝成液体后根据水与精油的密度差异将二者分离。于长江等[12]釆用SD法提取海南木姜子中的挥发性成分,并采用GC-MS对其分析,共鉴定出50种化合物,占挥发性组分的91.95%。伍燕等[23]用SD法提取毛叶木姜子挥发油,随后通过GC-MS分析鉴定出22种化合物,占挥发性组分的98.64%。SD适合于具有挥发性、能随水蒸气蒸出而不被破坏、与水不发生反应又难溶于水的有效成分的提取。由于其操作方便成本低、对环境友好等优点成为最受欢迎的提取工艺,但存在用时较长,高温下易分解,提取率不高等问题。超临界状态下CO2(Supercritical fluid extraction,SFE)对于木姜子精油具有强大的溶解性,其溶解性和密度是息息相关的,而且这种状态CO2的密度可以由温度和压力进行调整,从而使得精油被析出。张德权等[17]采用优化过的超临界CO2流体萃取技术对木姜子果实中木姜子精油和木姜子核仁油进行提取,使木姜子精油和核仁油得率提高至30.19%。于长江等[24]利用超临界CO2流体萃取技术对海南木姜子的挥发性组分进行提取,通过GC-MS分析鉴定出52个化合物。SFE法对实验设备要求较高,且投资较大,但可有效提取芳香组分、提高产品纯度以及保持其天然香味,由于其选择性强等特点近年来被广泛使用。分子蒸馏法主要是在高真空度下,依靠分子运动的平均自由程度不同,实现对液体和混合物的组分分离而发展起来的一项先进技术。分子蒸馏法的操纵温度要求远低于物质常压下的沸点温度,同时这种物料被加热的持续时间也非常短,不会对物质本身构成任何破坏。分子蒸馏方法设备制作复杂,所用材料对耐压力和耐高温要求较高,由于造价成本高目前在工厂中的普及率较低。唐成志等[25]采用分子蒸馏方法对山苍子油中的柠檬醛进行三级纯化蒸馏,将柠檬醛含量由原油中的71.59%提高到92.71%,柠檬醛回收率在80%以上。
同时蒸馏萃取(Simultaneous distillation extraction, SDE)适合收集挥发性较低的化合物,对于强亲水性化合物的提取效率低。董钟[18]采用同时蒸馏萃取法提取木姜子干果中的挥发性成分,并采用GC-MS分析鉴定出77种化合物,占挥发性组分的91%。SDE法与传统水蒸汽蒸馏法相比实验步骤较少,节省了更多的溶剂,减少了精油在转移过程中的损失。精油可以通过GC-MS直接分析,其成分提取率高,但缺点是由于萃取温度高,精油的气味会部分失真。微波萃取法是利用波的穿透性来提高精油的萃取率,刘晓庚等[26]在水汽蒸馏的基础上结合微波超声辅助萃取法的精油得率为14.12%。Guo等[16]比较了微波辅助萃取不同山苍子精油的香气成分,共鉴定出51种香气成分,其中柠檬醛的含量最高,其次为松油醇、柠檬烯和芳樟醇。李文爽等[19]采用超声波辅助提取山苍子精油,其得率为5.33%。顶空萃取法(Solid phase micro-extraction,SPME)是一种快速的无溶剂萃取方法,应用最为广泛。乔婷宜[20]采用顶空萃取法(SPME)结合GC-MS分析了贵州新鲜木姜子的香气成分,共鉴定出33种化合物,其中含量最高的是(E)-柠檬醛(34.91%)、(Z)-柠檬醛(25.81%)、柠檬烯(24.17%)。周丽免等[27]采用SPME-GC-MS分析了木姜子在不同采摘季节的香气成分差异,发现5月、6月和7月采摘的果实主要香气成分分别为萜烯类、萜烯类和醛类、醛类,且倍半萜类化合物含量逐步增加。
对木姜子挥发性组成分析发现,采用水蒸气蒸馏提取的木姜子挥发性化合物的主要成分除萜类化合物外,氧化单萜类成分的占比也较高,此外还有少量的酮类、醇类、酸类和酯类化合物;采用超临界CO2技术提取的木姜子挥发性成分的主要成分是萜类化合物,但其含量远高于水蒸气蒸馏提取样品。此外,木姜子挥发性成分以及含量会因不同地区和不同提取、分析方法而有所差异。
2.2 木姜子中的香气活性成分
木姜子果实及其精油具有强烈的柠檬香、薄荷青香、桉树香以及花香,这些香气特征主要来源于木姜子中的萜类化合物,其中单萜类成分尤为重要[28,22]。此外,木姜子植物的其他部位也都具有类似的香气特征,说明香气成分分布在植物的各个部位。Wang等[29]采用水蒸气蒸馏法结合GC-MS对木姜子根、茎、叶、花蕾、花瓣、果实等挥发油成分进行了比较分析,结果显示木姜子植物的根部和果实部位的单萜类化合物占比分别为84.13%和87.65%,其中主要化合物为橙花醛;茎部与花蕾部的含氧单萜类化合物占比分别92.99%和95.39%,且主要香气成分均为β-水芹烯:叶部的的单萜类化合物占比59.32%,其中主要香气成分为桉叶素;花瓣部的单萜类化合物占比为95.23%,其主要香气成分为松油烯。根部与果实部位的挥发性化合物占比最大是含氧单萜类化合物其次是单萜类化合物;茎部、花蕾部、叶部与花瓣部位的挥发性化合物占比最大是单萜类化合物其次是含氧单萜类化合物。倍半萜类化合物基本处于各部位挥发性化合物占比的第三位。
不同的提取方法以及不同品种的木姜子在香气成分分离鉴定时会有所不同,表2总结了在木姜子中鉴定出208种香气化合物,单萜类(C10)和倍半萜(C15)类化合物是其主要组成部分,其中种类最多的为烯烃类化合物(69种),其次为醇类化合物54种、醛类化合物17种、酸类化合物15种、酯类物质15种、酮类化合物13种、酚类化合物7种、醚类化合物7种以及其他化合物11种。水蒸气蒸馏得到的云南木姜子精油香气成分中,醛类化合物占比最高(50%),主要成分为(E)-柠檬醛(28.32%)和(Z)-柠檬醛(22.28%),其次为柠檬烯(12.15%)[30-31]。重庆木姜子中,(E)-柠檬醛(37.29%)和(Z)-柠檬醛(32.36%),其次为柠檬烯(5.6%)、香茅醛(1.37%)和芳樟醇(1.88%)。通过对湖南木姜子果皮精油分析发现,柠檬醛、D-柠檬烯、甲基庚烯酮、a-石竹烯和桧烯的含量在99%以上[32]。海南木姜子果皮中(E)-柠檬醛(30.78%)和(Z)-柠檬醛(29.19%)含量最高,其次为柠檬烯(5.5%)[12]。贵州木姜子果实的香气组成为(E)-柠檬醛(37.91%)和(Z)-柠檬醛(31.81%)含量最高,其次为柠檬烯(11.13%)[33]。杨叶木姜子果实中的香气成分组成为,(E)-柠檬醛(16.65%)和(Z)-柠檬醛(22.35%),其次为柠檬烯(14.15%)[34]。Si等[35]通过比较6种不同产地的木姜子水蒸气蒸馏精油香气成分含量差异发现,(E)-柠檬醛(44.40%~50.00%)和(Z)-柠檬醛(34.20%~37.40%)的含量最高。通过文献数据统计发现,(E)-柠檬醛和(Z)-柠檬醛时木姜子的主体成分,且在不同品种中两者之间的比例约为1.30,其次为D-柠檬烯,含量为1.30%~5.00%。
表 2 木姜子果实中的香气成分Table 2. Aroma compounds in fruit of Litsea pungens Hemsl序号 英文名 中文名 分子式 CAS 文献 烯烃类 1 4-Methyl-2-hexene 4-甲基-2-己烯 C7H14 3404-55-5 [12] 2 2-Methyl-2-hexene 2-甲基-2-己烯 C7H14 2738-19-4 [12] 3 4-Methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one 4-甲基-3-环己烯-1-酮 C7H10O 5259-65-4 [12] 4 4-Methyl-1,5-heptadiene 4-甲基-1,5-庚二烯 C8H14 998-94-7 [12] 5 3,3-Dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene 3,3-二甲基-1.5 -庚二烯 C9H16 67682-47-7 [12] 6 Camphene 茨烯 C10H16 79-92-5 [12] 7 β-Pinene β-藻烯 C10H16 127-91-3 [12] 8 (+)-Aromadendrene (+)-香橙烯 C15H24 489-39-4 [12] 9 3-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-Methylene-cyclohexene 3-(1,5-甲基-4苯乙基)-6-甲基-环己烯 C15H24 73744-93-1 [12] 10 1-Methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene-4 -hexenyl)-cyclohexene 1-甲基-4-(5-甲基-1-亚甲基-4-己烯基)环己烯 C12H22O2S 89278-78-4 [12] 11 2-Methyl-6-methylene-2-octene 2-甲基-6-亚甲基-2-辛烯 C10H18 10054-09-8 [12] 12 (R)-(+)-α-Pinene (+)-α-蒎烯 C10H16 7785-70-8 [20] 13 2,6-Dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene 2,6-二甲基-1,5-庚二烯 C9H16 6709-39-3 [20] 14 Carypphyllene 石竹烯 C15H24 87-44-5 [20] 15 Safrole 黄樟素 C10H10O2 94-59-7 [22] 16 (R)-2-Methyl-5-((S)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)-cyclohexa-1,3-diene 姜烯 C15H24 495-60-3 [22] 17 α-Thujene α-侧柏烯 C10H16 2867-5-2 [23] 18 Camphene 莰烯 C10H16 565-00-4 [23] 19 Sabinene 香桧烯 C10H16 3387-41-5 [23] 20 β-Pinene β-蒎烯 C10H16 2437-95-8 [23] 21 β-Myrcene β-月桂烯 C10H16 123-35-3 [23] 22 (R)-Limonene 双戊烯 C10H16 138-86-3 [23] 23 α-Terpinolene α-异松油烯 C10H16 586-62-9 [23] 24 Caryophyllene oxide 石竹素 C15H24O 1139-30-6 [23] 25 α-Copaene α-可巴烯 C15H24 3856-25-5 [23] 26 β-Elemene β-榄香烯 C15H24 515-13-9 [23] 27 (Z,E)-α-Farnesene (Z, E)-α-法呢烯 C15H24 26560-14-5 [23] 28 α-Humulene α-律草烯 C15H24 6753-98-6 [23] 29 (E)-β-Farnesene (E)-β-金合欢烯 C15H24 18794-84-8 [23] 30 β-Bisabolene β-红没药烯 C15H24 495-61-4 [23] 31 δ-Cadinene δ-杜松烯 C15H24 483-76-1 [23] 32 α-Bisabolene α-甜没药烯 C15H24 495-62-5 [23] 33 (E)-Limonene oxide 柠檬烯环氧化物 C10H16O 6909-30-4 [23] 34 p-Cymene 对-伞花烃 C10H14 99-87-6 [24] 35 γ-Terpinen γ-松油烯 C10H16 99-85-4 [24] 36 Terpinene 松油烯 C10H16 99-86-5 [24] 37 3-Carene 3-蒈烯 C10H16 13466-78-9 [24] 38 α -Pinene α-蒎烯 C10H16 80-56-8 [24] 39 2-Carene 2-蒈烯 C10H16 4497-92-1 [24] 40 3-Methyl-1,4-pentadiene 3-甲基-1,4-戊二烯 C6H10 1115-08-8 [24] 41 (E)-2-Methyl-2,4-hexadiene 2-甲基-2,4-己二烯 C7H12 32763-68-1 [24] 42 (+)-Longifolene 长叶烯 C15H24 475-20-7 [25] 43 Elemene 榄香烯 C15H24 33880-83-0 [26] 44 (-)-Sabinene (-)-桧烯 C10H16 10408-16-9 [31] 45 Eucalyptus oil 桉叶油 C10H18O 8000-48-4 [31] 46 Dipentene D-柠檬烯 C10H16 7705-14-8 [33] 47 (E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-1,3,6-triene β-罗勒烯 C10H16 3779-61-1 [33] 48 2-Methyl-5-isopropyl bicyclo[3. 1. 0]hex-2-ene 2-甲基-5-异丙基双环[3.1.0]己-2-烯 C10H16 2867-5-2 [36] 49 α-Thujene α-侧柏烯 C10H16 2867-5-2 [37] 50 β-Pinene β-蒎烯 C10H16 18172-67-3 [37] 51 D-Limonene D-苧烯 C10H16 138-86-3 [37] 52 β-Phellandrene β-水芹烯 C10H16 555-10-2 [38] 53 1, 3, 8-p-Menthatriene 1, 3, 8-对-薄荷三烯 C10H14 18368-95-1 [38] 54 α-Phellandrene α-水芹烯 C10H16 99-83-2 [38] 55 D-Limonene D-苧烯 C10H16 5989-27-5 [38] 56 α -Bergamotene α-香柠檬烯 C15H24 17699-05-7 [38] 57 Alloaromadendren 香树烯 C15H24 25246-27-9 [38] 58 γ-Selinene γ-芹子烯 C15H24 515-17-3 [38] 59 β-Copaene β-胡椒烯 C15H24 317819-78-6 [38] 60 β-Selinene β-芹子烯 C15H24 17066-67-0 [38] 61 α-Selinene α-芹子烯 C15H24 473-13-2 [38] 62 4-Carene 4-蒈烯 C10H16 5208-49-1 [38] 63 4-Acetyl-1-methyl-1-cyclohexene 4-乙酰基-1-甲基-环己烯 C9H14O 6090-9-1 [38] 64 2,6-Dimethyl-2-trans-6-octadiene 2, 6-二甲基-2, 6辛二烯 C10H18 2492-22-0 [39] 65 1,3-Cycloheptadiene 1,3-环庚二烯 C7H10 4054-38-0 [40] 66 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-7-oxabicyclo-(4.1.0)-heptan (R)-氧化柠檬烯 C10H16O 1195-92-2 [41] 67 Valencene 巴伦西亚橘烯 C15H24 4630-7-3 [42] 68 (+)-α-Longipinene (+)-α-长叶蒎烯 C15H24 5989-8-2 [43] 69 (+)-Cuparene (+)-花侧柏烯 C15H22 16982-00-6 [43] 70 (-)-Thujopsen 罗汉柏烯 C15H24 470-40-6 [43] 醇类 1 4-Isopropylbenzyl alcohol 4-(1-甲基乙基)苯甲醇 C10H14O 536-60-7 [12] 2 1-Methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-yl-cyclohex-2-en-1-ol 1-甲基-4-丙-1-烯-2-基-环己-2-烯-1-醇 C10H16O 22771-44-4 [12] 3 6,6-Dimethyl-2-methylene-bicyclo[3. 1. 1] heptan-3-ol 6,6-二甲基-2-亚甲基二环[3.1.1]-3-庚醇 C10H16O 5947-36-4 [12] 4 Perilla alcohol 紫苏醇 C10H16O 536-59-4 [12] 5 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1- ol 3,7-二甲基-2,6 -辛二烯-1-醇 C10H18O 624-15-7 [12] 6 Borneol 龙脑 C10H18O 6627-72-1 [12] 7 4,8-Dimethyl-3,7-nonadien-2-ol 4,8-二甲基-3,7-壬烯-2-醇 C11H20O 67845-50-5 [12] 8 Ergostenol 菜油甾醇 C28H48O 632-32-6 [22] 9 (Z)-Sabinene hydrate 2-甲基-5-异丙基-二环[3.1.0]己烷-2-醇 C10H18O 546-79-2 [23] 10 α-Terpineol α-松油醇 C10H18O 10482-56-1 [23] 11 Nerol 橙花醇 C10H18O 106-25-2 [23] 12 Linallool 芳樟醇 C10H18O 78-70-6 [24] 13 Terpinen-4-ol 4-萜烯醇 C10H18O 562-74-3 [24] 14 Geraniol 香叶醇 C10H18O 106-24-1 [24] 15 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol 6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇 C8H16O 1335-09-7 [24] 16 Diacetone alcohol 甲基戊酮醇 C6H12O2 123-42-2 [30] 17 Pinocarvyl acetate 6,6-二甲基-2-亚甲基-二环[3.1.1]庚-3-醇 C12H18O2 1078-95-1 [31] 18 Resveratrol 白黎芦醇 C14H12O3 501-36-0 [31] 19 Farnesol 3,7,11-三甲基-2,6,10-十二烷三烯-1-醇 C15H26O 4602-84-0 [31] 20 Terpineol 松油醇 C10H18O 8000-41-7 [33] 21 Borneol 冰片 C10H18O 507-70-0 [33] 22 (+)-α-Terpineol (+)-α-松油醇 C10H18O 7785-53-7 [34] 23 Salicyl alcohol 水杨醇 C7H8O2 1990-1-7 [36] 24 Nerolidol 3,7,11-三甲基-1,6,10-十二烷三烯-3-醇 C15H26O 7212-44-4 [36] 25 3,7,11-Trimethyl-2,6,10 -dodecalrien-1-ol 3,7,11-甲基-2,6,10-十二烷三烯-1-醇 C16H28O 7226-87-1 [36] 26 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-1, 6, 10, 14 -hexadecatetraen-3-ol 香叶基芳樟醇 C20H34O 1113-21-9 [36] 27 β-Sitosterol β-谷甾醇 C30H52O 64997-52-0 [36] 28 Epoxydihydrolinalool 氧化芳樟醇 C10H18O2 1365-19-1 [37] 29 2,2,6-Trimethyl-6-vinyltetrahydro-2h-Pyran-3-ol 2,2,6-三甲基-6-乙烯基四氢-2H-呋喃-3-醇 C10H18O2 14049-11-7 [37] 30 2,6-Dimethyl-3,7-octadiene-2,6-diol 2,6-二甲基-3,7-辛二烯-2,6-二醇 C10H18O2 51276-34-7 [37] 31 Citronellol 香茅醇 C10H20O 106-22-9 [37] 32 (E)-Linalool oxide furanoid (E)-氧化芳樟醇(呋喃型) C10H16 1000373-80-3 [38] 33 (Z)-Linalool oxide furanoid (Z)-氧化芳樟醇(呋喃型) C10H16 29050-33-7 [38] 34 (E)-p-2,8-Menthadien-1-ol (E)-对-2,8-薄荷二烯-1-醇 C10H16O 7212-40-0 [38] 35 (6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]Hept-2-en-2-yl)methanol 桃金娘烯醇 C10H16O 515-00-4 [38] 36 (Z)-p-2,8-Menthadien-1-ol (Z)-对-2,8-薄荷二烯-1-醇 C10H16O 3886-78-0 [38] 37 (-)-Verbenone 马鞭草烯醇 C10H14O 473-67-6 [38] 38 (Z)-Carveol (Z)-香芹醇 C10H16O 1197-06-4 [38] 39 L-Carveol L-香芹醇 C10H16O 99-48-9 [38] 40 Terpinen-4-ol 松油烯-4-醇 C10H18O 20126-76-5 [38] 41 α-Terpineol α-松油醇 C10H18O 98-55-5 [38] 42 Spathalenol 斯巴醇 C15H24O 6750-60-3 [38] 43 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇 C5H10O 115-18-4 [38] 44 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol 3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇 C5H10O 556-82-1 [38] 45 Terpinen-4-ol 4-松油醇 C10H18O 562-74-3 [39] 46 (Z)-α,α,5-Trimethyl-5-vinyltetrahydrofuran-2-methanol (Z)-α,α-5-三甲基-5-乙烯基四氢化-2-甲醇呋喃 C10H18O2 5989-33-3 [40] 47 4-Isopropylbenzyl alcohol 4-(1-甲基乙基)苯甲醇 C10H14O 536-60-7 [40] 48 Dihydrocarveol (1α,2β,5α)2-甲基-5-(1-甲基乙烯基)-环己烷-1-醇 C10H18O 38049-26-2 [41] 49 Isopulegol (-)-异蒲勒醇 C10H18O 89-79-2 [42] 50 (S)-(Z)-Verbenol (S)-顺马鞭草烯醇 C10H16O 18881-04-4 [42] 51 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl Alcohol 4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯甲醇 C9H12O4 530-56-3 [43] 52 β-Eudesmol β-桉叶油醇 C15H26O 473-15-4 [43] 53 2-Isopropenyl-5-methyl-1-cyclohexanol 异胡薄荷醇 C10H18O 7786-67-6 [44] 54 Phytol 叶绿醇 C20H40O 102608-53-7 [45] 醛类 1 β-Cyclocitral β-环柠檬醛 C10H16O 432-25-7 [20] 2 α-Cyclocitral α -环柠檬醛 C10H16O 432-24-6 [20] 3 3,7-Dimethyl-3,6-octadienal 3,7-二甲基-3,6-辛二烯醛 C10H16O 1754-00-3 [20] 4 3-Methylbutanal 3-甲基丁醛 C5H10O 590-86-3 [23] 5 2-Methylbutanal 2-甲基丁醛 C5H10O 96-17-3 [23] 6 (Z)-Citral (Z)-柠檬醛 C10H16O 106-26-3 [23] 7 (E)-Citral (E)-柠檬醛 C10H16O 141-27-5 [23] 8 Citronellal 香茅醛 C10H18O 106-23-0 [23] 9 4-(1-methylethyl)-Benzaldehyde 4-异丙基苯甲醛 C10H12O 122-03-2 [24] 10 2,6-Dimethyl-5-heptenal 甜瓜醛 C9H16O 106-72-9 [31] 11 2-(2,2,3-trimethylcyclopent-3-enyl)AcetAldehyde 2,2,3-三甲基-3-环戊烯-1-乙醛 C10H16O 91819-58-8 [31] 12 Furfural 糠醛 C5H4O2 1998-1-1 [31] 13 (+)-Citronellal (+)-香茅醛 C10H18O 2385-77-5 [33] 14 Methional 3-甲硫基丙醛 C4H8OS 3268-49-3 [34] 15 Hexanal 己醛 C6H12O 66-25-1 [38] 16 Campholenic aldehyde 龙脑烯醛 C10H16O 4501-58-0 [40] 17 3-Methyl-2-butenal 3-甲基-2-丁烯醛 C5H8O 107-86-8 [41] 酮类 1 6-Methyl-3,5-heptadiene-2-one 6 -甲基-3,5 -庚二烯-2 -酮 C8H12O 1604-28-0 [12] 2 3-Methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one 胡椒酮 C10H16O 89-81-6 [12] 3 1,7,7-Trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 1,7, 7-三甲基二环[2.2.1]庚-2-酮 C10H16 - [12] 4 2-Methyl-6-methylene-1,7-octadien-3-one 2-甲基-6亚甲基-1,7-辛二烯-3-酮 C10H14O 41702-60-7 [12] 5 carvone 香芹酮 C10H14O 99-49-0 [20] 6 Camphor 樟脑 C10H16O 464-49-3 [20] 7 3,4,4-Trimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one 3,4,4-三甲基-1,2-环戊二酮 C8H12O 30434-65-2 [22] 8 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮 C8H14O 110-93-0 [23] 9 Isopulegone 异胡薄荷酮 C10H16O 29606-79-9 [38] 10 D-Carvone D-香芹酮 C10H14O 2244-16-8 [38] 11 3,4,4-Trimethylcyclopentane-1,2-dione 3,4,4-三甲基-1,2-环戊二酮 C8H12O2 33079-56-0 [40] 12 1-Cyclopentyl-ethanone 环戊基乙酮 C7H12O 6004-60-0 [41] 13 Fenchone (1R,4S)-1,3,3-三甲基-二环[2.2.1]庚-2-酮 C10H16O 1195-79-5 [41] 酸类 1 Geranic acid 垅牛儿酸 C10H16O2 459-80-3 [12] 2 Hexadecanoic acid 棕桐酸 C16H32O2 1957-10-3 [12] 3 3-Methyl-butryicacid 异戊酸 C5H10O2 503-74-2 [22] 4 Phenylacetic acid 苯乙酸 C8H8O2 103-82-2 [22] 5 3-Hydroxybutyric acid 3-羟基丁酸 C4H8O3 625-71-8 [30] 6 Benzoic acid 苯甲酸 C7H6O2 65-85-0 [36] 7 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 对羟基苯甲酸 C7H6O3 99-96-7 [36] 8 Gentisic acid 龙胆酸 C7H6O4 490-79-9 [36] 9 Isovanillic acid 3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸 C8H8O4 645-08-9 [36] 10 Syringic acid 丁香酸 C9H10O5 530-57-4 [36] 11 Neric acid 橙花酸 C10H16O2 4613-38-1 [38] 12 Decanoic acid 癸酸 C10H20O2 334-48-5 [38] 13 Lauric acid 月桂酸 C12H24O2 143-07-7 [38] 14 Tetradecanoic acid 肉豆蔻酸 C14H28O2 544-63-8 [39] 15 (Z)-Vaccenic acid (Z)-11-十八碳烯酸 C18H34O2 506-17-2 [39] 酯类 1 Methyl methacrylate 2-甲基-2-丙烯酸甲酯 C5H8O2 80-62-6 [12] 2 2-Butenoic acid methyl ester 2-丁烯酸甲酯 C5H8O2 623-43-8 [12] 3 Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate 对甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯 C12H14O3 24393-56-4 [22] 4 Ethyl 2-hydroxyisobutyrate 2-羟基-2-甲基丙酸乙酯 C6H12O3 80-55-7 [30] 5 (E)-3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid ethyl 反式-肉桂酸乙酯 C11H12O2 4192-77-2 [34] 6 Ethyl orsellinate 2,4-二羟基-6-甲基甲酸乙酯 C10H12O4 2524-37-0 [36] 7 Benzoic acid 2-phenyl-2-oxoethyl ester 苯甲酸2-苯基-2-氧乙基酯 C15H12O3 33868-50-7 [36] 8 Methyl salicylate 水杨酸甲酯 C8H8O3 119-36-8 [38] 9 Methyl laurate 月桂酸甲酯 C13H26O2 111-82-0 [38] 10 Methyl palmitate 十六酸甲酯 C17H34O2 112-39-0 [38] 11 Eugenol 甲酸芳樟酯 C11H18O2 115-99-1 [38] 12 Bornyl acetate 乙酸龙脑酯 C12H20O2 76-49-3 [38] 13 Terpinyl acetate 乙酸松油酯 C12H20O2 80-26-2 [38] 14 Neryl acetate 乙酸橙花酯 C12H20O2 141-12-8 [41] 15 Terpinyl propionate ester 丙酸松油酯 C13H22O2 80-27-3 [41] 酚类 1 p-Cresol 对甲酚 C7H8O 106-44-5 [22] 2 Methyleugenol 甲基丁香酚 C11H14O2 93-15-2 [22] 3 Kaempferol 山奈酚 C15H10O6 520-18-3 [36] 4 Terpinyl acetate 丁香酚 C10H12O2 97-53-0 [38] 5 5,8-Dimethyltocol β-生育酚 C28H48O2 148-03-8 [39] 6 γ-Tocopherol γ-生育酚 C28H48O2 54-28-4 [39] 7 Carvacrol 香芹酚 C10H14O 499-75-2 [42] 醚类 1 1-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzene 2-甲基苯甲醚 C8H10O 578-58-5 [20] 2 Dimethyl sulfide 二甲基硫醚 C2H6S 75-18-3 [23] 3 1,8-Cinceole 1,8-桉叶素 C10H18O 470-82-6 [24] 4 Estragole 4-烯丙基苯甲醚 C10H12O 140-67-0 [34] 5 2-Methoxynaphthalene 橙花醚 C11H10O 1993-4-9 [34] 6 (Z)-Anethol 茴香脑 C10H12O 104-46-1 [38] 7 Rose oxide 玫瑰醚 C10H18O 16409-43-1 [38] 其他 1 Linaloloxide 氧化芳樟醇 C10H18O2 60047-17-8 [12] 2 2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-3-Methylfuran 3-甲基-2-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)呋喃 C10H14O 15186-51-3 [22] 3 Rosefuran epoxide 环氧玫瑰呋喃 C10H14O2 92356-06-4 [23] 4 Tricyclene 三环萜 C10H16 508-32-7 [23] 5 1-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)benzene 1-甲基-2-(1-甲基乙基)苯 C10H14 527-84-4 [31] 6 Acetophenone 乙酰苯 C8H8O 98-86-2 [33] 7 5-Propenyl-1,2,3-trimethoxy 榄香脂素 C12H16O3 5273-85-8 [33] 8 Quercetin 槲皮素 C15H10O7 117-39-5 [36] 9 Vinylcyclohexane 乙烯基环己烷 C8H14 695-12-5 [40] 10 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran 2-甲基四氢呋喃 C5H10O 96-47-9 [41] 11 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-四甲苯 C10H14 95-93-2 [41] 2.3 木姜子中关键香气活性成分
分子感官科学方法是当前关键香气成分鉴定的主流方法,包括以下几个步骤:a.香气成分的分离富集;b.香气活性成分的筛选;c.香气活性成分的定量分析和香气活性值计算;d.关键香气成分的确定和验证。目前,木姜子香气化合物的分析方法主要采用SPME、SDE、SFE和SAFE的富集方法结合GC-MS鉴定技术,且主要针对于香气组成、化合物的相对百分含量为主。Pu等[22]采用溶剂萃取和SAFE法分离提取木姜子果实中的香气成分,并采用GC-MS-O筛选出了31种香气活性化合物,结合香气活性值计算确定了(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛(251978.13 µg/kg;柠檬香、甜香、青香)、D-柠檬烯(333321.19 µg/kg;柑橘、橙子、清新、甜香)、β-月桂烯(179800.17 µg/kg;辛香、青香)、香茅醛(25397.45 µg/kg;甜香、花香、香茅)、桉叶油醇(81581.26 µg/kg;桉树、樟木香、草药)、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮(29118.53 µg/kg)、β-石竹烯(76771.87 µg/kg;甜香、木质的、辛香)、石竹素(3829.05 µg/kg)、(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛(189366.87 µg/kg;花香、甜香、柠檬香)和(E)-肉桂酸乙酯(6913.31 µg/kg;花香、蜂蜜、香脂、葡萄酒)等为木姜子的关键香气化合物。进一步通过香气添加实验和定量描述性感官评价方法证实了柠檬醛和D-柠檬烯对木姜子呈现的柠檬香气有关,β-月桂烯对木姜子呈现的青草香气有贡献,香茅醛对木姜子呈现的薄荷香气有贡献,桉叶油醇对木姜子的桉树气味有重要贡献。结果表明,木姜子中含有31种芳香活性化合物。添加实验进一步验证了木姜子的关键性香气成分为D-柠檬烯、(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、β-月桂烯、(E)-肉桂酸乙酯和β-石竹烯。
根据国标GB/T 21725-2017《天然香辛料 分类》对天然香辛料进行分类显示,木姜子果实与大蒜、大葱、小葱、白鸥芥、白胡椒、花椒、阿魏、姜、洋葱、香茅、砂仁、韭葱、高良姜、荜拨、黑芥子、椒样薄荷、辣椒、辣根以及薄荷(野薄荷)等属于辛辣型香辛料。陈海涛等[46]采用SAFE萃取鉴定了新鲜大蒜的关键香气成分,以含硫化合物为主,包括二烯丙基二硫醚、丙烯醇、甲基二烯丙基硫醚、2-乙烯基-4H-1,3-噻吩,3-乙烯基-4H-1,2-噻吩;Tian等[47]采用SPME分析了炸葱油的关键香气成分,主要包括己醛、(E)-2-庚醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、二丙基二硫化物、2-乙基-3,5-二甲基吡嗪和1-辛烯-3-醇;Sun等[48]采用SAFE萃取鉴定了花椒中的关键香气成分主要以萜类化合物为主,包括1,8-桉叶脑、(E)-2-庚烯醛、β-月桂烯、β-罗勒烯、柠檬烯和芳樟醇;Schaller等[49]采用SAFE萃取鉴定了生姜的关键香气成分,包括呋喃酮、3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-硫醇、2-甲基丙醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛和1-壬烯-3-酮;王永晓等[50]采用SPME-GC-MS分析了8种新疆辣椒粉,发现其主要香气成分有香叶醇、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、肉桂醛、十一醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、十三醛、4-辛烯-3-酮、2-甲基丙酸、3-甲基丁酸己酯、2-戊基噻吩、二甲基二硫醚等;盛晓婧[51]采用SAFE和HS法结合GC-MS-O研究了5种不同产地的薄荷的香气活性成分,通过计算OAV值确定其关键香气成分为α-柠檬醛、薄荷酮、薄荷醇、柠檬烯、β-柠檬醛、桉叶油醇、香叶醇、芳樟醇、香芹酮、β-石竹烯、月桂烯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、1-辛烯-3-醇等;李艳丽等[52]综述了香茅精油的主要香气成分为香叶醛和橙花醛,占比80%以上。通过比较以上辛辣型香辛料的关键香气成分组成,发现木姜子与香茅、薄荷、花椒和姜的关键香气成分较为接近,与大蒜、韭葱、大葱、小葱以及洋葱以含硫类化合物为关键香气成分的香辛料差别较大。
3. 木姜子中萜类化合物的生物活性及代谢途径
萜类物质不仅是木姜子的关键性香气成分,同时还具有一定的生物活性,尤其是以柠檬醛为代表的萜类化合物具有显著的生物活性,此外它还是水果新鲜和成熟的生物标志物[50]。木姜子中的萜类化合物可制备高附加值的化合物用于医学、药学、食品、化妆品等多个领域。因此,明确萜类化合物的生物活性及其在植物体内的代谢途径尤为重要,对木姜子中萜类化合物的深入研究与木姜子植物资源的附加值提升有重要意义。
3.1 木姜子中萜类化合物的生物活性
萜类物质具有较强的抗菌和抗癌活性,以及抗氧化性能、抗哮喘、抗焦虑和镇痛活性等功效[53-54]。Su等[55]通过纸片扩散法测定了木姜子挥发油的抑菌活性,结果表明木姜子果实精油对大肠杆菌有较强的抑制作用。Ho等[56]对人体癌细胞的细胞毒活性进行了评价发现木姜子果油对人口腔、肝脏和肺部癌细胞表现出剂量依赖性的抗癌活性。程超[57]通过超声波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法对木姜子进行提取,发现木姜子精油具有良好抗氧化作用,可有效清除羟自由基与超氧自由基。殷志勇等[58]通过乙酰胆碱和氨诱导的两种不同豚鼠哮喘模型,研究木姜子精油的抗哮喘作用,结果表明木姜子挥发油具有良好的抗哮喘作用。Chen等[59]发现木姜子精油在小鼠中表现出抗焦虑和镇痛活性。
木姜子挥发油中约60%~80%的柠檬醛是关键的生物活性成分[60-61]。柠檬醛通过抑制细菌细胞壁、蛋白质与核酸的合成,控制细胞脂质代谢和能量代谢达到抑制微生物生长的作用。其他成分如香茅醛、α-松油醇和芳樟醇也具有一定的抑菌特性,其抑菌机制尚不清楚。柠檬醛通过延长乙酰胆碱引起的咳嗽潜伏期与平滑肌收缩,减少咳嗽频率达到抗哮喘效果。柠檬醛还可增加离体家兔心冠脉血流量,降低小鼠总耗氧量等,能用于冠心病的治疗,并有较好的疗效。此外柠檬醛在精细品化工中是一种非常重要的化合物,是合成紫罗兰酮等高级香料的主要原料[62]。但柠檬醛的价格远高于木姜子挥发油。因此通过木姜子提取高纯度的天然柠檬醛是木姜子挥发油未来无论在医疗领域还是化工领域的应用研究的一个重要方向[63-64]。
虽然木姜子挥发油的植物化学和药理研究已经取得了很大的进展,多数生物活性的研究都是以木姜子粗提物为研究对象,后续应明确起生物活性作用的关键成分,并对已鉴定的化合物进行生物活性与药理研究来确定更多的生物功能。木姜子的一些传统用途已被现代药理研究证实,但目前大部分医学应用只能通过体外基于细胞的生物测定来证实,因此后续研究应需使用实验动物进行进一步的体内研究来证明其治疗效果,明确作用机制以扩大其药用用途。
3.2 木姜子中萜类化合物代谢途径
萜烯是基于C5组合的碳氢化合物异戊二烯单元,萜类化合物是具有额外官能团,且与萜烯相关的化合物[65]。萜烯根据其化学结构中存在的五碳单元数量可分为半萜(C5)、单萜(C10)、倍半萜(C15)、二萜(C20)、二倍半萜(C25)、三萜(C30)、三倍半萜(C35)和四萜(C40)等[66]。所有萜烯化合物由中等大小的基因家族编码,其基本骨架结构都是在萜烯合成酶(TPS)的作用下形成的[67]。后经各种酶促修饰,如羟基化、脱氢、酰化和糖基化等产生多样化的萜类化合物,如倍半萜和二萜的同萜(C11和C16)以及衍生自三萜的甾醇和类固醇(C27~C29)[68]。尽管它们的结构具有多样性,但所有萜类化合物都是由五碳前体、异戊烯基二磷酸(IPP)及其烯丙基异构体二甲基烯丙基二磷酸(DMAPP)合成的。在植物中,萜类物质由位于不同亚细胞区室中的两种彼此交替与依赖的生物合成途径:甲羟戊酸(MVA)途径和2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-4-磷酸(MEP)途径[69],具体代谢途径如图2所示。在细胞质和质体中,戊烯基转移酶使用IPP和DMAPP来产生戊烯基二磷酸。在质体中,一个分子的IPP和一个分子的DMAPP在香叶焦磷酸合成酶催化下的头尾缩合形成所有单萜的通用前体,香叶基焦磷酸。一个DMAPP分子与三个IPP分子在合成酶的作用下缩合,得到二萜的C20二磷酸前体-香叶基香叶基焦磷酸。在细胞浆液中,两分子IPP和一分子DMAPP在法尼基焦磷酸合酶的催化下缩合生成倍半萜的天然前体法尼基焦磷酸。随着无环前体香叶基焦磷酸、法尼基焦磷酸和香叶基香叶基焦磷酸的形成,一系列结构多样的环和无环单萜、倍半萜和二萜通过萜烯合成酶/环化酶家族酶的作用产生。这些酶最突出的特点是它们倾向于从单一的二磷酸戊烯基底物制造多种萜类化合物。
通过胞质MVA途径形成的五碳单元主要用作倍半萜类化合物、异戊二烯、植物甾醇、油菜素类固醇和三萜类化合物的生物合成,此外也用于合成线粒体中三萜类生物的前体。而源自质体MEP途径的IPP和DMAPP优选用于形成半萜、单萜、二萜、三萜、四萜[73]。IPP和DMAPP是MVA途径与MEP途径中都会产生的关键性化合物[74]。这两条途径的初始底物不同,但最终产物都是互为同分异构体的IPP与DMAPP。一定数量的IPP和DMAPP在不同异戊烯基转移酶的催化下形成不同碳链长度的香叶基焦磷酸、法尼基焦磷酸、香叶基香叶基焦磷酸等萜类物质的合成前体化合物。单萜合成酶、倍半萜合成酶和二萜合成酶等萜类合成酶后分别以香叶基焦磷酸、法尼基焦磷酸、香叶基香叶基焦磷酸等异戊烯聚合物为底物进行环化、重排和消除等反应形成各种萜类分子的基本骨架。植物中大多数二萜与某些单萜、倍半萜类分子骨架需要经过细胞色素P450酶的修饰最终成为具有生物功能的成熟萜类化合物[75]。
4. 结论与展望
木姜子具有很高的食用价值,其独特的香味具有良好的提鲜去腥作用。结合多种分离提取方法在木姜子精油和木姜子果实中共鉴定出了208种香气成分,单萜类(C10)和倍半萜(C15)类化合物是主要的组成部分,其中种类最多的为烯烃类化合物(69种)。采用分子感官科学方法鉴定了木姜子的6种关键香气成分D-柠檬烯、(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、β-月桂烯、(E)-肉桂酸乙酯和β-石竹烯。然而不同品种和产地的木姜子中的关键香气成分差异研究,以及重要萜类香气成分的手性化合物的差异比较对促进木姜子在食品加工中的应用,对开发木姜子的食品配料有重要的现实意义。
木姜子具有很高的医用和药用价值。木姜子精油中主要的关键性生物活性成分柠檬醛,具有一定的抗菌抗癌、抗氧化性能、抗哮喘、抗焦虑和镇痛等功效。目前,大部分医学应用仅限于通过体外基于细胞实验来证实,将来需结合动物实验进一步研究其治疗效果与医学用途。此外,药学应用大部分是对木姜子的粗提取物进行研究,因此将来应使用生物活性引导的分离策略来分离鉴定更多的生物活性成分,深入研究其作用机制对增强木姜子在医学、药学、化妆品等多个领域的推广有重要意义。
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表 1 木姜子香气成分提取方法
Table 1 Extraction method of the aroma compounds in Litsea pungens Hemsl
研究对象 分离提取方法 方法特点 参考文献 木姜子精油香气分析 水蒸气蒸馏萃取 装置和操作简单、成本低产量大、应用范围广 [12] 植物油或溶剂浸提 萃取效率低、溶剂用量大,易造成环境污染 [13] 分子蒸馏 设备成本高、提取效率高、有利于热敏性香气分子提取 [14] 微波辅助溶剂萃取 萃取时间短效率高、加热均匀可有效保护功能成分 [15] 酶法提取 采用酶对果皮破壁,提高精油的提取效率 [16] 超临界CO2萃取 无溶剂残留、提取率高和绿色环保、香气天然逼真 [17] 减压蒸馏萃取 促进难挥发组分的萃取、香气纯正、柠檬醛纯度高 [18] 超声波辅助溶剂萃取 萃取时间短效率高、渗透能力强 [19] 木姜子果实香气分析 同时蒸馏萃取 溶剂使用量低、适用于高沸点样品 [18] 固相微萃取 无溶剂、操作简单方便 [20] 溶剂提取 溶剂使用量高、提取效率低 [21] 溶剂辅助风味蒸发萃取 香气逼真、耗费时间较多、溶剂使用量大 [22] 表 2 木姜子果实中的香气成分
Table 2 Aroma compounds in fruit of Litsea pungens Hemsl
序号 英文名 中文名 分子式 CAS 文献 烯烃类 1 4-Methyl-2-hexene 4-甲基-2-己烯 C7H14 3404-55-5 [12] 2 2-Methyl-2-hexene 2-甲基-2-己烯 C7H14 2738-19-4 [12] 3 4-Methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one 4-甲基-3-环己烯-1-酮 C7H10O 5259-65-4 [12] 4 4-Methyl-1,5-heptadiene 4-甲基-1,5-庚二烯 C8H14 998-94-7 [12] 5 3,3-Dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene 3,3-二甲基-1.5 -庚二烯 C9H16 67682-47-7 [12] 6 Camphene 茨烯 C10H16 79-92-5 [12] 7 β-Pinene β-藻烯 C10H16 127-91-3 [12] 8 (+)-Aromadendrene (+)-香橙烯 C15H24 489-39-4 [12] 9 3-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-Methylene-cyclohexene 3-(1,5-甲基-4苯乙基)-6-甲基-环己烯 C15H24 73744-93-1 [12] 10 1-Methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene-4 -hexenyl)-cyclohexene 1-甲基-4-(5-甲基-1-亚甲基-4-己烯基)环己烯 C12H22O2S 89278-78-4 [12] 11 2-Methyl-6-methylene-2-octene 2-甲基-6-亚甲基-2-辛烯 C10H18 10054-09-8 [12] 12 (R)-(+)-α-Pinene (+)-α-蒎烯 C10H16 7785-70-8 [20] 13 2,6-Dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene 2,6-二甲基-1,5-庚二烯 C9H16 6709-39-3 [20] 14 Carypphyllene 石竹烯 C15H24 87-44-5 [20] 15 Safrole 黄樟素 C10H10O2 94-59-7 [22] 16 (R)-2-Methyl-5-((S)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)-cyclohexa-1,3-diene 姜烯 C15H24 495-60-3 [22] 17 α-Thujene α-侧柏烯 C10H16 2867-5-2 [23] 18 Camphene 莰烯 C10H16 565-00-4 [23] 19 Sabinene 香桧烯 C10H16 3387-41-5 [23] 20 β-Pinene β-蒎烯 C10H16 2437-95-8 [23] 21 β-Myrcene β-月桂烯 C10H16 123-35-3 [23] 22 (R)-Limonene 双戊烯 C10H16 138-86-3 [23] 23 α-Terpinolene α-异松油烯 C10H16 586-62-9 [23] 24 Caryophyllene oxide 石竹素 C15H24O 1139-30-6 [23] 25 α-Copaene α-可巴烯 C15H24 3856-25-5 [23] 26 β-Elemene β-榄香烯 C15H24 515-13-9 [23] 27 (Z,E)-α-Farnesene (Z, E)-α-法呢烯 C15H24 26560-14-5 [23] 28 α-Humulene α-律草烯 C15H24 6753-98-6 [23] 29 (E)-β-Farnesene (E)-β-金合欢烯 C15H24 18794-84-8 [23] 30 β-Bisabolene β-红没药烯 C15H24 495-61-4 [23] 31 δ-Cadinene δ-杜松烯 C15H24 483-76-1 [23] 32 α-Bisabolene α-甜没药烯 C15H24 495-62-5 [23] 33 (E)-Limonene oxide 柠檬烯环氧化物 C10H16O 6909-30-4 [23] 34 p-Cymene 对-伞花烃 C10H14 99-87-6 [24] 35 γ-Terpinen γ-松油烯 C10H16 99-85-4 [24] 36 Terpinene 松油烯 C10H16 99-86-5 [24] 37 3-Carene 3-蒈烯 C10H16 13466-78-9 [24] 38 α -Pinene α-蒎烯 C10H16 80-56-8 [24] 39 2-Carene 2-蒈烯 C10H16 4497-92-1 [24] 40 3-Methyl-1,4-pentadiene 3-甲基-1,4-戊二烯 C6H10 1115-08-8 [24] 41 (E)-2-Methyl-2,4-hexadiene 2-甲基-2,4-己二烯 C7H12 32763-68-1 [24] 42 (+)-Longifolene 长叶烯 C15H24 475-20-7 [25] 43 Elemene 榄香烯 C15H24 33880-83-0 [26] 44 (-)-Sabinene (-)-桧烯 C10H16 10408-16-9 [31] 45 Eucalyptus oil 桉叶油 C10H18O 8000-48-4 [31] 46 Dipentene D-柠檬烯 C10H16 7705-14-8 [33] 47 (E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-1,3,6-triene β-罗勒烯 C10H16 3779-61-1 [33] 48 2-Methyl-5-isopropyl bicyclo[3. 1. 0]hex-2-ene 2-甲基-5-异丙基双环[3.1.0]己-2-烯 C10H16 2867-5-2 [36] 49 α-Thujene α-侧柏烯 C10H16 2867-5-2 [37] 50 β-Pinene β-蒎烯 C10H16 18172-67-3 [37] 51 D-Limonene D-苧烯 C10H16 138-86-3 [37] 52 β-Phellandrene β-水芹烯 C10H16 555-10-2 [38] 53 1, 3, 8-p-Menthatriene 1, 3, 8-对-薄荷三烯 C10H14 18368-95-1 [38] 54 α-Phellandrene α-水芹烯 C10H16 99-83-2 [38] 55 D-Limonene D-苧烯 C10H16 5989-27-5 [38] 56 α -Bergamotene α-香柠檬烯 C15H24 17699-05-7 [38] 57 Alloaromadendren 香树烯 C15H24 25246-27-9 [38] 58 γ-Selinene γ-芹子烯 C15H24 515-17-3 [38] 59 β-Copaene β-胡椒烯 C15H24 317819-78-6 [38] 60 β-Selinene β-芹子烯 C15H24 17066-67-0 [38] 61 α-Selinene α-芹子烯 C15H24 473-13-2 [38] 62 4-Carene 4-蒈烯 C10H16 5208-49-1 [38] 63 4-Acetyl-1-methyl-1-cyclohexene 4-乙酰基-1-甲基-环己烯 C9H14O 6090-9-1 [38] 64 2,6-Dimethyl-2-trans-6-octadiene 2, 6-二甲基-2, 6辛二烯 C10H18 2492-22-0 [39] 65 1,3-Cycloheptadiene 1,3-环庚二烯 C7H10 4054-38-0 [40] 66 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-7-oxabicyclo-(4.1.0)-heptan (R)-氧化柠檬烯 C10H16O 1195-92-2 [41] 67 Valencene 巴伦西亚橘烯 C15H24 4630-7-3 [42] 68 (+)-α-Longipinene (+)-α-长叶蒎烯 C15H24 5989-8-2 [43] 69 (+)-Cuparene (+)-花侧柏烯 C15H22 16982-00-6 [43] 70 (-)-Thujopsen 罗汉柏烯 C15H24 470-40-6 [43] 醇类 1 4-Isopropylbenzyl alcohol 4-(1-甲基乙基)苯甲醇 C10H14O 536-60-7 [12] 2 1-Methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-yl-cyclohex-2-en-1-ol 1-甲基-4-丙-1-烯-2-基-环己-2-烯-1-醇 C10H16O 22771-44-4 [12] 3 6,6-Dimethyl-2-methylene-bicyclo[3. 1. 1] heptan-3-ol 6,6-二甲基-2-亚甲基二环[3.1.1]-3-庚醇 C10H16O 5947-36-4 [12] 4 Perilla alcohol 紫苏醇 C10H16O 536-59-4 [12] 5 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1- ol 3,7-二甲基-2,6 -辛二烯-1-醇 C10H18O 624-15-7 [12] 6 Borneol 龙脑 C10H18O 6627-72-1 [12] 7 4,8-Dimethyl-3,7-nonadien-2-ol 4,8-二甲基-3,7-壬烯-2-醇 C11H20O 67845-50-5 [12] 8 Ergostenol 菜油甾醇 C28H48O 632-32-6 [22] 9 (Z)-Sabinene hydrate 2-甲基-5-异丙基-二环[3.1.0]己烷-2-醇 C10H18O 546-79-2 [23] 10 α-Terpineol α-松油醇 C10H18O 10482-56-1 [23] 11 Nerol 橙花醇 C10H18O 106-25-2 [23] 12 Linallool 芳樟醇 C10H18O 78-70-6 [24] 13 Terpinen-4-ol 4-萜烯醇 C10H18O 562-74-3 [24] 14 Geraniol 香叶醇 C10H18O 106-24-1 [24] 15 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol 6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇 C8H16O 1335-09-7 [24] 16 Diacetone alcohol 甲基戊酮醇 C6H12O2 123-42-2 [30] 17 Pinocarvyl acetate 6,6-二甲基-2-亚甲基-二环[3.1.1]庚-3-醇 C12H18O2 1078-95-1 [31] 18 Resveratrol 白黎芦醇 C14H12O3 501-36-0 [31] 19 Farnesol 3,7,11-三甲基-2,6,10-十二烷三烯-1-醇 C15H26O 4602-84-0 [31] 20 Terpineol 松油醇 C10H18O 8000-41-7 [33] 21 Borneol 冰片 C10H18O 507-70-0 [33] 22 (+)-α-Terpineol (+)-α-松油醇 C10H18O 7785-53-7 [34] 23 Salicyl alcohol 水杨醇 C7H8O2 1990-1-7 [36] 24 Nerolidol 3,7,11-三甲基-1,6,10-十二烷三烯-3-醇 C15H26O 7212-44-4 [36] 25 3,7,11-Trimethyl-2,6,10 -dodecalrien-1-ol 3,7,11-甲基-2,6,10-十二烷三烯-1-醇 C16H28O 7226-87-1 [36] 26 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-1, 6, 10, 14 -hexadecatetraen-3-ol 香叶基芳樟醇 C20H34O 1113-21-9 [36] 27 β-Sitosterol β-谷甾醇 C30H52O 64997-52-0 [36] 28 Epoxydihydrolinalool 氧化芳樟醇 C10H18O2 1365-19-1 [37] 29 2,2,6-Trimethyl-6-vinyltetrahydro-2h-Pyran-3-ol 2,2,6-三甲基-6-乙烯基四氢-2H-呋喃-3-醇 C10H18O2 14049-11-7 [37] 30 2,6-Dimethyl-3,7-octadiene-2,6-diol 2,6-二甲基-3,7-辛二烯-2,6-二醇 C10H18O2 51276-34-7 [37] 31 Citronellol 香茅醇 C10H20O 106-22-9 [37] 32 (E)-Linalool oxide furanoid (E)-氧化芳樟醇(呋喃型) C10H16 1000373-80-3 [38] 33 (Z)-Linalool oxide furanoid (Z)-氧化芳樟醇(呋喃型) C10H16 29050-33-7 [38] 34 (E)-p-2,8-Menthadien-1-ol (E)-对-2,8-薄荷二烯-1-醇 C10H16O 7212-40-0 [38] 35 (6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]Hept-2-en-2-yl)methanol 桃金娘烯醇 C10H16O 515-00-4 [38] 36 (Z)-p-2,8-Menthadien-1-ol (Z)-对-2,8-薄荷二烯-1-醇 C10H16O 3886-78-0 [38] 37 (-)-Verbenone 马鞭草烯醇 C10H14O 473-67-6 [38] 38 (Z)-Carveol (Z)-香芹醇 C10H16O 1197-06-4 [38] 39 L-Carveol L-香芹醇 C10H16O 99-48-9 [38] 40 Terpinen-4-ol 松油烯-4-醇 C10H18O 20126-76-5 [38] 41 α-Terpineol α-松油醇 C10H18O 98-55-5 [38] 42 Spathalenol 斯巴醇 C15H24O 6750-60-3 [38] 43 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇 C5H10O 115-18-4 [38] 44 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol 3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇 C5H10O 556-82-1 [38] 45 Terpinen-4-ol 4-松油醇 C10H18O 562-74-3 [39] 46 (Z)-α,α,5-Trimethyl-5-vinyltetrahydrofuran-2-methanol (Z)-α,α-5-三甲基-5-乙烯基四氢化-2-甲醇呋喃 C10H18O2 5989-33-3 [40] 47 4-Isopropylbenzyl alcohol 4-(1-甲基乙基)苯甲醇 C10H14O 536-60-7 [40] 48 Dihydrocarveol (1α,2β,5α)2-甲基-5-(1-甲基乙烯基)-环己烷-1-醇 C10H18O 38049-26-2 [41] 49 Isopulegol (-)-异蒲勒醇 C10H18O 89-79-2 [42] 50 (S)-(Z)-Verbenol (S)-顺马鞭草烯醇 C10H16O 18881-04-4 [42] 51 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl Alcohol 4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯甲醇 C9H12O4 530-56-3 [43] 52 β-Eudesmol β-桉叶油醇 C15H26O 473-15-4 [43] 53 2-Isopropenyl-5-methyl-1-cyclohexanol 异胡薄荷醇 C10H18O 7786-67-6 [44] 54 Phytol 叶绿醇 C20H40O 102608-53-7 [45] 醛类 1 β-Cyclocitral β-环柠檬醛 C10H16O 432-25-7 [20] 2 α-Cyclocitral α -环柠檬醛 C10H16O 432-24-6 [20] 3 3,7-Dimethyl-3,6-octadienal 3,7-二甲基-3,6-辛二烯醛 C10H16O 1754-00-3 [20] 4 3-Methylbutanal 3-甲基丁醛 C5H10O 590-86-3 [23] 5 2-Methylbutanal 2-甲基丁醛 C5H10O 96-17-3 [23] 6 (Z)-Citral (Z)-柠檬醛 C10H16O 106-26-3 [23] 7 (E)-Citral (E)-柠檬醛 C10H16O 141-27-5 [23] 8 Citronellal 香茅醛 C10H18O 106-23-0 [23] 9 4-(1-methylethyl)-Benzaldehyde 4-异丙基苯甲醛 C10H12O 122-03-2 [24] 10 2,6-Dimethyl-5-heptenal 甜瓜醛 C9H16O 106-72-9 [31] 11 2-(2,2,3-trimethylcyclopent-3-enyl)AcetAldehyde 2,2,3-三甲基-3-环戊烯-1-乙醛 C10H16O 91819-58-8 [31] 12 Furfural 糠醛 C5H4O2 1998-1-1 [31] 13 (+)-Citronellal (+)-香茅醛 C10H18O 2385-77-5 [33] 14 Methional 3-甲硫基丙醛 C4H8OS 3268-49-3 [34] 15 Hexanal 己醛 C6H12O 66-25-1 [38] 16 Campholenic aldehyde 龙脑烯醛 C10H16O 4501-58-0 [40] 17 3-Methyl-2-butenal 3-甲基-2-丁烯醛 C5H8O 107-86-8 [41] 酮类 1 6-Methyl-3,5-heptadiene-2-one 6 -甲基-3,5 -庚二烯-2 -酮 C8H12O 1604-28-0 [12] 2 3-Methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one 胡椒酮 C10H16O 89-81-6 [12] 3 1,7,7-Trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 1,7, 7-三甲基二环[2.2.1]庚-2-酮 C10H16 - [12] 4 2-Methyl-6-methylene-1,7-octadien-3-one 2-甲基-6亚甲基-1,7-辛二烯-3-酮 C10H14O 41702-60-7 [12] 5 carvone 香芹酮 C10H14O 99-49-0 [20] 6 Camphor 樟脑 C10H16O 464-49-3 [20] 7 3,4,4-Trimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one 3,4,4-三甲基-1,2-环戊二酮 C8H12O 30434-65-2 [22] 8 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮 C8H14O 110-93-0 [23] 9 Isopulegone 异胡薄荷酮 C10H16O 29606-79-9 [38] 10 D-Carvone D-香芹酮 C10H14O 2244-16-8 [38] 11 3,4,4-Trimethylcyclopentane-1,2-dione 3,4,4-三甲基-1,2-环戊二酮 C8H12O2 33079-56-0 [40] 12 1-Cyclopentyl-ethanone 环戊基乙酮 C7H12O 6004-60-0 [41] 13 Fenchone (1R,4S)-1,3,3-三甲基-二环[2.2.1]庚-2-酮 C10H16O 1195-79-5 [41] 酸类 1 Geranic acid 垅牛儿酸 C10H16O2 459-80-3 [12] 2 Hexadecanoic acid 棕桐酸 C16H32O2 1957-10-3 [12] 3 3-Methyl-butryicacid 异戊酸 C5H10O2 503-74-2 [22] 4 Phenylacetic acid 苯乙酸 C8H8O2 103-82-2 [22] 5 3-Hydroxybutyric acid 3-羟基丁酸 C4H8O3 625-71-8 [30] 6 Benzoic acid 苯甲酸 C7H6O2 65-85-0 [36] 7 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 对羟基苯甲酸 C7H6O3 99-96-7 [36] 8 Gentisic acid 龙胆酸 C7H6O4 490-79-9 [36] 9 Isovanillic acid 3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸 C8H8O4 645-08-9 [36] 10 Syringic acid 丁香酸 C9H10O5 530-57-4 [36] 11 Neric acid 橙花酸 C10H16O2 4613-38-1 [38] 12 Decanoic acid 癸酸 C10H20O2 334-48-5 [38] 13 Lauric acid 月桂酸 C12H24O2 143-07-7 [38] 14 Tetradecanoic acid 肉豆蔻酸 C14H28O2 544-63-8 [39] 15 (Z)-Vaccenic acid (Z)-11-十八碳烯酸 C18H34O2 506-17-2 [39] 酯类 1 Methyl methacrylate 2-甲基-2-丙烯酸甲酯 C5H8O2 80-62-6 [12] 2 2-Butenoic acid methyl ester 2-丁烯酸甲酯 C5H8O2 623-43-8 [12] 3 Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate 对甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯 C12H14O3 24393-56-4 [22] 4 Ethyl 2-hydroxyisobutyrate 2-羟基-2-甲基丙酸乙酯 C6H12O3 80-55-7 [30] 5 (E)-3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid ethyl 反式-肉桂酸乙酯 C11H12O2 4192-77-2 [34] 6 Ethyl orsellinate 2,4-二羟基-6-甲基甲酸乙酯 C10H12O4 2524-37-0 [36] 7 Benzoic acid 2-phenyl-2-oxoethyl ester 苯甲酸2-苯基-2-氧乙基酯 C15H12O3 33868-50-7 [36] 8 Methyl salicylate 水杨酸甲酯 C8H8O3 119-36-8 [38] 9 Methyl laurate 月桂酸甲酯 C13H26O2 111-82-0 [38] 10 Methyl palmitate 十六酸甲酯 C17H34O2 112-39-0 [38] 11 Eugenol 甲酸芳樟酯 C11H18O2 115-99-1 [38] 12 Bornyl acetate 乙酸龙脑酯 C12H20O2 76-49-3 [38] 13 Terpinyl acetate 乙酸松油酯 C12H20O2 80-26-2 [38] 14 Neryl acetate 乙酸橙花酯 C12H20O2 141-12-8 [41] 15 Terpinyl propionate ester 丙酸松油酯 C13H22O2 80-27-3 [41] 酚类 1 p-Cresol 对甲酚 C7H8O 106-44-5 [22] 2 Methyleugenol 甲基丁香酚 C11H14O2 93-15-2 [22] 3 Kaempferol 山奈酚 C15H10O6 520-18-3 [36] 4 Terpinyl acetate 丁香酚 C10H12O2 97-53-0 [38] 5 5,8-Dimethyltocol β-生育酚 C28H48O2 148-03-8 [39] 6 γ-Tocopherol γ-生育酚 C28H48O2 54-28-4 [39] 7 Carvacrol 香芹酚 C10H14O 499-75-2 [42] 醚类 1 1-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzene 2-甲基苯甲醚 C8H10O 578-58-5 [20] 2 Dimethyl sulfide 二甲基硫醚 C2H6S 75-18-3 [23] 3 1,8-Cinceole 1,8-桉叶素 C10H18O 470-82-6 [24] 4 Estragole 4-烯丙基苯甲醚 C10H12O 140-67-0 [34] 5 2-Methoxynaphthalene 橙花醚 C11H10O 1993-4-9 [34] 6 (Z)-Anethol 茴香脑 C10H12O 104-46-1 [38] 7 Rose oxide 玫瑰醚 C10H18O 16409-43-1 [38] 其他 1 Linaloloxide 氧化芳樟醇 C10H18O2 60047-17-8 [12] 2 2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-3-Methylfuran 3-甲基-2-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)呋喃 C10H14O 15186-51-3 [22] 3 Rosefuran epoxide 环氧玫瑰呋喃 C10H14O2 92356-06-4 [23] 4 Tricyclene 三环萜 C10H16 508-32-7 [23] 5 1-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)benzene 1-甲基-2-(1-甲基乙基)苯 C10H14 527-84-4 [31] 6 Acetophenone 乙酰苯 C8H8O 98-86-2 [33] 7 5-Propenyl-1,2,3-trimethoxy 榄香脂素 C12H16O3 5273-85-8 [33] 8 Quercetin 槲皮素 C15H10O7 117-39-5 [36] 9 Vinylcyclohexane 乙烯基环己烷 C8H14 695-12-5 [40] 10 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran 2-甲基四氢呋喃 C5H10O 96-47-9 [41] 11 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-四甲苯 C10H14 95-93-2 [41] -
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